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Zhu, J., Huang, X., Luo, Y. et al. Nat Commu, 240 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55492-4
Researchers from institutions in China, including Sichuan University, Fujian Normal University, and Xiamen University, have developed new self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) for more efficient perovskite solar cells. The SAMs, named MBT, EBT, and MEBT, are based on a donor-acceptor molecule with different length oligoether side chains. These SAMs act as hole-selective contacts (HSCs), improving charge extraction and reducing defects in Sn-Pb perovskite films. Specifically, EBT led to a 23.54% efficiency in single-junction cells and 28.61% in all-perovskite tandem solar cells. The improved performance is attributed to the enhanced perovskite film quality, reduced non-radiative losses and superior hole extraction
PAIOS system was used to perform Mott-Schottky plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. These measurements are used to characterize the electrical properties of the solar cells.
• Mott-Schottky plots are used to determine the built-in potential of the solar cell, which is related to the driving force for charge separation.
• EIS measurements can reveal information about charge transport and recombination processes within the device. In the context of the study, the EIS results corroborate the suppressed non-radiative recombination losses, that were also shown in other tests.
Tian, J., Liu, C., Forberich, K. et al.Nat Commun, 154 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55376-7
This research demonstrates a new approach to optimising the interconnection layer (ICL) in perovskite-organic tandem solar cells (P-O-TSCs) by replacing MoOx with PEDOT:F. This results in smaller, more uniform gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) that reduce light absorption, enhancing device performance. SETFOS was used for drift-diffusion simulations to understand charge transport. A record efficiency of 25.34% was achieved.
N. Burridge, G. Burwell, O. J. Sandberg, A. Armin, P. Meredith, Adv. Electron. Mater. 2024, 2400645. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202400645
This work explores a promising solution to the scalability limitations of organic photovoltaics (OPVs): transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) enhanced with a metallic grid (g-TCEs).
● The high sheet resistance (Rsheet) of conventional TCE materials like indium tin oxide (ITO) hinders the performance of large-area OPV devices.
● This study examines the potential of g-TCEs to overcome this issue, focusing on their performance under different irradiance levels and TCE Rsheet values.
A key contribution of this research is the introduction of a new figure of merit (FOMTCE) that goes beyond traditional TCE metrics and allows researchers to benchmark TCEs specifically for PV applications.
To demonstrate the practical application of g-TCEs, the researchers fabricated devices using aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) as the TCE material.
● Remarkably, the resulting g-TCEs achieved an Rsheet equivalent to 0.5 Ω □−1 while maintaining an average visible transmittance exceeding 77%.
● This performance surpasses all state-of-the-art monolithic TCE materials, highlighting the potential of g-TCEs to enable the development of large-area, solution-processed PV devices.
How Laoss Simulation Software Was Used
The researchers used LAOSS (version 4.1.3) software by Fluxim AG to simulate large-area (25 and 100 cm2) OPV devices with both monolithic (m-TCE) and gridded (g-TCE) configurations.
● The software allowed them to model the impact of varying TCE Rsheet and grid parameters (like width and inner radius) on device performance metrics such as fill factor, maximum power point voltage, and power conversion efficiency.
● The simulations provided insights into the scalability of OPV devices under different conditions, demonstrating the superior performance of g-TCEs, particularly at larger areas.
● The simulations also helped to validate analytical expressions developed for the FOMTCE and device scalability.
By combining experimental fabrication and characterisation with sophisticated device modelling using LAOSS, the researchers provide a comprehensive assessment of g-TCEs as a viable pathway for scaling up OPV technology.
Aeberhard, U., Natsch, N., Schneider, A., Zeder, S.J., Carrillo-Nuñez, H., Blülle, B. and Ruhstaller, B. (2024),
Sol. RRL 2400492.
https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400492
This research paper examines reverse-bias breakdown in all-perovskite tandem solar cells, particularly under partial shading conditions, and highlights how nonuniform active area quality, such as variations in mobile ion concentration, can impact their performance. The study uses a multi-scale simulation approach to demonstrate that an increase in mobile ion density significantly reduces the breakdown voltage and can lead to localized current hot spots in large-area modules. The authors suggest that these hot spots, caused by fluctuating mobile ion concentration, are potential degradation centers in the solar cells. They also suggest further investigation into factors like unintentional doping and additional breakdown mechanisms to better understand and improve the performance of these solar cells.
How SETFOS Was Used to Study Reverse-Bias Breakdown
The authors of the research paper use the device simulation tool SETFOS to perform cell-level simulations on all-perovskite tandem solar cells. Here's a breakdown of its role:
Drift-diffusion Simulation: SETFOS is used to simulate the behavior of charge carriers within the solar cell under a large reverse-bias voltage. This helps researchers visualize the band profile, or the energy levels of electrons within the device's various layers.
Mobile Ion Consideration: The simulations in SETFOS incorporate the effects of mobile ions within the perovskite layer, a crucial aspect that influences the breakdown voltage.
Coupling with Quantum Transport Simulation: The data from SETFOS, including the band profile and quasi-Fermi levels, are then used as input for a separate quantum transport simulation tool, PVnegf. This allows for a microscopic examination of the tunneling breakdown current.
Iterative Analysis: The tunnel generation rates, calculated in PVnegf, are fed back into SETFOS. This iterative process, with information exchanged between SETFOS and PVnegf, continues until the tunneling current converges, providing an accurate representation of the breakdown phenomenon.
Generating JV Curves: Through this coupled simulation approach, SETFOS ultimately helps generate current density-voltage (JV) curves for the all-perovskite tandem solar cell, even under reverse-bias conditions. These JV curves are essential for understanding how the device performs near its breakdown voltage.
In summary, SETFOS acts as the foundation for the cell-level simulations, providing crucial data about charge transport and mobile ion behavior, which is then combined with quantum transport calculations to comprehensively study reverse-bias breakdown in all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
Using Laoss to Simulate Large-Area Solar Module Behavior
The authors use Laoss, a large-area thin-film electronics modeling tool, to understand how the performance variations observed at the cell level translate to the behavior of a complete solar module12.
Here's a breakdown of its use:
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Quasi-3D Module Simulation: Laoss enables a "2D+1D" simulation approach, treating the top and bottom electrodes with a 2D finite element method (FEM) while using a 1D coupling law to represent the vertical current flow through the active area of the solar cells within the module3.
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Incorporating Cell-Level Data: The JV curves generated in SETFOS, which incorporate the effects of varying mobile ion densities and reverse-bias breakdown, are used as input for Laoss1. These curves act as the local 1D coupling law within the module simulation, linking the 2D electrode simulations3.
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Module Design and Interconnection: The researchers incorporate design parameters of a real all-perovskite tandem module into the Laoss simulation. These parameters, taken from a previously calibrated model4, include sheet resistances of electrodes, scribe line geometries for monolithic interconnection, and the Ohmic properties of the P2 scribe2.
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Spatial Resolution: Laoss simulates a 10 cm x 10 cm module with a spatial resolution of 3 x 30 pixels per cell stripe, totaling 900 pixels. Each pixel is randomly assigned a JV curve based on a Gaussian distribution of mobile ion concentrations, representing real-world variations in manufacturing2.
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Partial Shading Analysis: The study simulates both full and partial shading conditions on a single cell stripe within the module using Laoss5. This allows the authors to observe how variations in mobile ion density (and thus, breakdown voltage) at the pixel level affect current flow and hot spot formation under these conditions6.
In essence, Laoss allows the researchers to scale up their analysis from the behavior of individual solar cells to a complete module, taking into account the realistic variations in properties and the effects of partial shading. This multi-scale approach, linking the detailed device physics simulated in SETFOS to the module-level performance predicted by Laoss, provides a powerful tool for understanding and mitigating potential degradation mechanisms in all-perovskite tandem solar cells.
Simon J. Zeder, Balthasar Blülle, Beat Ruhstaller, and Urs Aeberhard, Opt. Express 32, 34154-34171 (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.522953
This paper presents a multiscale optical model developed to accurately quantify photon recycling (PR) and luminescent coupling (LC) in optoelectronic devices such as solar cells and LEDs. Photon recycling, the process of photon emission, re-absorption, and re-emission, can significantly enhance device efficiency, particularly in materials like GaAs, metal halide perovskites and even crystalline silicon. To accurately account for re-absorption effects, the model treats light absorption and emission equally, considering the full spectrum of internal modes within the device. This approach stands out from conventional methods, which focus solely on exterior-coupled modes.
The framework integrates two key propagation models:
Coherent Wave-Optical Model: Applied to thin-film layers where light interference effects are significant, avoiding unphysical divergencies for emitters embedded in absorbing media and ensuring consistency with detailed balance principles.
Incoherent Ray-Optical Model: Used for optically thick layers where coherence is lost, treating phase relations as irrelevant.
The model also accounts for light scattering at textured surfaces, essential for devices like perovskite –silicon tandem solar cells. By merging these approaches, the paper provides a robust framework for computing local emission, re-absorption, and energy flux rates in devices with complex structures. Importantly, this allows for a detailed understanding of the impact of photon recycling on device performance, including enhanced external quantum efficiency (EQE) in LEDs and increased open-circuit voltages in solar cells.
The model is validated through comparisons with analytical solutions, showing excellent agreement, and applied to a textured perovskite solar cell showcasing its capabilities. This validation confirms that the model can reliably be applied to real-world devices, offering a powerful tool for optimizing the performance of next-generation optoelectronic systems.
Key Takeaways:
∙ Comprehensive multiscale approach merging coherent and incoherent light models.
∙ Applicability to complex textured devices like perovskite solar cells and LEDs.
∙ Quantification of local re-absorption and energy flux rates.
∙ Validation through comparison with analytical solutions.
Aeberhard, U., Zeder, S.J. and Ruhstaller, B. (2024), Sol. RRL, 8: 2400264. https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202400264
Our Research team at FLUXiM investigated the performance enhancements in all-perovskite tandem solar cells resulting from photon recycling (PR) and luminescent coupling (LC).
The study employs a comprehensive computational approach, combining both optical and full opto-electronic simulations using Setfos.
Optical processes are modeled using a Green function formalism to account for wave optical effects. At the same time, the full opto-electronic simulations integrate a drift-diffusion model to reflect realistic charge transport, including losses due to mobile ions and non-radiative recombination.
Key findings indicate that PR substantially impacts device performance more than LC, particularly when the tandem cells are close to current matching. LC becomes more relevant in bottom-limited configurations, and its effect is amplified by the voltage increase in the top cell due to PR.
The research also identifies significant parasitic absorption in charge transport and electrode layers, which detracts from the benefits of PR and LC. Despite these losses, the overall performance improvement remains finite, suggesting that further optimization of these devices is possible.
This detailed analysis, which incorporates electrical loss channels, provides insights that enable the full opto-electronic optimization of all-perovskite tandem solar cells, enhancing their efficiency and practical applicability in the field of photovoltaics.
Othman, M., Jeangros, Q., Jacobs, D. A., Futscher, M. H., Zeiske, S., Armin, A., Jaffrès, A., Kuba, A. G., Chernyshov, D., Jenatsch, S., Züfle, S., Ruhstaller, B., Tabean, S., Wirtz, T., Eswara, S., Zhao, J., Savenije, T. J., Ballif, C., Wolff, C. M., & Hessler-Wyser, A. (2024). Energy & Environmental Science. The Royal Society of Chemistry.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D4EE00901K
This study investigates the effects of cationic alloying in cesium-formamidinium perovskite films on optoelectronic properties and solar cell performance. It finds that precise Cs+ tuning minimizes structural faults and enhances photoconductivity, with encapsulated devices maintaining 85% of initial efficiency after 1400 hours under continuous illumination, providing insights into defect tolerance and stability mechanisms in perovskite materials.
Fluxim's Research Tools
In the study, Fluxim's Paios system was used for conductivity measurements, and Litos for accelerated aging tests under thermal and photonic stress, evaluating the stability of perovskite solar cells.
Almora, O., López-Varo, P., Escalante, R., Mohanraj, J., Marsal, L. F., Olthof, S., & Anta, J. A. (2024). arXiv:2402.00439 [physics.app-ph]
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2402.00439
The paper analyzes degradation in perovskite solar cells using impedance spectroscopy, focusing on NiOx passivation. It identifies how interface treatments influence device performance, with some treatments stabilizing and others inducing degradation. Simulation tools model transport properties to understand these effects.
How Setfos Was Used
Fluxim's Setfos simulation software was employed to model the transport properties and electrical responses of passivated-NiOx perovskite solar cells. This facilitated the understanding of how modifications at the hole transport layer-perovskite interface, due to various passivation methods, impact the cells' performance and operational stability.
Thiesbrummel, J., Shah, S., Gutierrez-Partida, E. et al.
Nat Energy (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01487-w
The study reveals that the dominant factor in the degradation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under operational conditions is mobile ion-induced internal field screening, significantly reducing efficiency mainly due to current density reduction, without major bulk or interface quality degradation.
How Setfos was used
Setfos was used to simulate the impact of increasing mobile ion density on PSC performance, demonstrating that higher ion density leads to enhanced internal field screening, reducing charge extraction efficiency and contributing significantly to early degradation losses in PSCs.
Fangfang Yuan, Yuncai Liang, Zhipeng Miao, Ting Zhang, Rudai Zhao, Sihui Peng, Yunhang Xie, Wenlong Liang, He Zhu, Pengwei Li, Yiqiang Zhang, and Yanlin Song
Chemistry of Materials 2024 36 (3), 1621-1630
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02960
This paper reports the development of highly efficient and stable 2D Dion-Jacobson perovskite solar cells using oxygen-containing diamine cations (OBEAI). These cations optimize charge transfer properties, leading to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 18.81% and outstanding stability, maintaining over 90% of initial performance after 2000 hours.
How Paios was used
Paios was used to assess the charge transport and recombination dynamics in perovskite films, highlighting improved electron transport, reduced recombination, and enhanced charge collection efficiency after OBEAI modification.
Nayrim Brizuela Guerra, João Victor Morais Lima, Natan Luis Nozella, Miguel Henrique Boratto, João Vitor Paulin, and Carlos Frederico de Oliveira Graeff
ACS Applied Bio Materials Article ASAP
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.3c01166
This study explores increasing the conductivity of synthetic melanin derivatives through electrochemical doping, revealing that different anions can significantly affect charge transport. The most effective doping achieved with ClO4− anions, enhanced electronic transport to levels surpassing some reported melanin devices, suggesting a promising method for tuning melanin's conductivity for bioelectronics applications.
How Paios was used
Paios was employed for electrical characterizations before and after electrochemical treatments, allowing the investigation of charge transport and recombination dynamics. This contributed to understanding the improved photovoltaic performance due to enhanced electron transport and reduced recombination, crucial for developing efficient melanin-based devices.
Zheng Zhang, Jiaqi Liu, Huan Bi, Liang Wang, Qing Shen, Shuzi Hayase,
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 483, 2024, 149345, ISSN 1385-8947,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.149345.
This study achieved over 14% efficiency in highly reproducible Sn perovskite solar cells by utilizing polysilanes, particularly polymethyl-phenyl-silane (PMPS), for defect passivation and morphology improvement. The application of PMPS enhanced surface quality, grain size, and reduced Sn4+ defects, leading to significant improvements in device efficiency and stability.
How Paios was used
Paios was used to evaluate charge transport and recombination dynamics, providing insights into the improved photovoltaic performance through enhanced electron transport, reduced recombination, and increased charge collection efficiency.
Yeonghoon Jin, Hyung Suk Kim, Donggyun Lee, Chihaya Adachi, Seunghyup Yoo, and Kyoungsik Yu
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2024 128 (4), 1755-1761
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c06330
This study introduces a rigorous analysis comparing distributed and concentrated dipole models in organic thin films using angle-dependent photoluminescence, highlighting inaccuracies in TDM orientation assumptions for thick emitter layers. It emphasizes considering the spatial distribution of TDMs, especially as film thickness increases, for precise OLED optical design.
How Phelos was used
Phelos was utilized for optical characterization via angle-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy, aligning experimental setups and validating the necessity of considering distributed dipole models for accurate TDM orientation analysis in thick films.
Valastro, S., Calogero, G., Smecca, E., Bongiorno, C., Arena, V., Mannino, G., Deretzis, I., Fisicaro, G., La Magna, A. and Alberti, A. (2024), Sol. RRL 2300944.
https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300944
The research demonstrates printable carbon-based perovskite solar cells infiltrated with CsPbI3:EuCl3 outperform AVA-MAPbI3 cells, showcasing reduced hysteresis, stable efficiency under continuous light, and notable durability with multiple reusability cycles. Achieving a peak power conversion efficiency of 16.72%, the CsPbI3:EuCl3 variant emerges as a promising candidate for sustainable and efficient photovoltaic technologies, with implications for enhancing the environmental sustainability of solar energy generation
How Setfos was used
Setfos tool was utilized for 1D transient-mode electro-optical simulations of the fabricated mesoporous carbon perovskite solar cells (mC-PSCs), incorporating both anion and cation migration within the active regions. This involved simulating the charge generation profile using the transfer-matrix method, calibrated with wavelength-dependent complex refractive indices of all layers, and coupling it with a drift-diffusion charge transport solver to account for charge trapping, recombination, and ion migration. The simulations aimed to replicate the measured J–V curves' main features, with layer-specific electrical parameters calibrated based on reasonable initial values from literature.
Ying Zhang, Wanyuan Deng, Christopher E. Petoukhoff, Xinxin Xia, Yongwen Lang, Hao Xia, Hua Tang, Hrisheekesh Thachoth Chandran, Sudhi Mahadevan, Kuan Liu, Patrick W.K. Fong, Yongmin Luo, Jiaying Wu, Sai-Wing Tsang, Frédéric Laquai, Hongbin Wu, Xinhui Lu, Yang Yang, Gang Li
Joule, 2024, , ISSN 2542-4351,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2023.12.009.
This study introduces a guest polymer-tailored layer-by-layer (GPT-LBL) method for creating organic solar cells (OSCs) with a p-i-n microstructure, improving vertical composition and molecular organization control. By monitoring pre-aggregation behaviors of non-fullerene acceptors, this approach enhances charge transport, reduces energy loss, and increases efficiency. A resulting GPT-LBL OSC demonstrated a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.41% (certified 19.0%), and a large-area device showed a PCE of 17.52% using green-solvent processing, marking a significant advancement in scalable and environmentally friendly OSCs.
How Paios was used
Photo-CELIV measurements were carried out with Paios.
Nguyen, H., Penukula, S., Mahaffey, M. et al. MRS Communications (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1557/s43579-023-00510-7
This study investigates how polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) affects cesium-based lead halide perovskites, focusing on phase, morphology, film stress, and ion concentration during aging. Using PVP in CsPbI3 enhances film stability by inducing compressive stress, with negligible impact on bandgap and ion behavior under aging conditions.
How Paios was used
The all in one characterization tooll, Paios, was used to analyse ion concentration with transient current measurements.
S. Ravishankar, L. Kruppa, S. Jenatsch, G. Yan and Y. Wang, Energy Environ. Sci., 2024,
The paper discusses a novel method for analyzing solar cell operation, focusing on perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It addresses a gap in understanding the equivalence of time-domain and frequency-domain data in solar cell analysis. The study introduces a new approach to extract a previously inaccessible time constant from frequency domain data, which correlates with charge extraction speed in transient measurements. This method is validated through simulations and experimental data, offering a more comprehensive understanding of charge carrier dynamics in solar cells, particularly regarding charge collection efficiency.
How Setfos was used
SETFOS was utilized in the paper for conducting drift-diffusion simulations. These simulations were part of the study's methodology to characterize perovskite solar cells (PSCs) using various techniques, including transient photovoltage (TPV), transient photocurrent (TPC), intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS), and impedance spectroscopy (IS)
Lei Gao, Helin Wang, Qiang Guo, Zongtao Wang, Fan Yuan, Erjun Zhou,
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 480, 2024, 148277, ISSN 1385-8947,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.148277.
The paper presents a novel D-A-D typed fused-ring perylene diimide (PDI)-based organic small molecule, PDTI1, as a cathode interface layer (CIL) for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). PDTI1 enhances electron transport, improves power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 24.64%, and offers better stability compared to control devices. This work demonstrates PDTI1's superiority as a CIL, providing an alternative for high-efficiency PSCs.
How Paios was used
Paios was used in the study for conducting two key tests: Transient Photocurrent (TPC) and Transient Photovoltage (TPV). These tests were performed in the dark to analyze the characteristics of the solar cells.
Sota Kikuchi, Takayuki Okamoto, Mengmeng Chen, Shen Qing, Shuzi Hayase,
Next Materials, Volume 3, 2024, 100098, ISSN 2949-8228,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2023.100098.
The paper presents a study on improving the efficiency of lead-free ASnI2Br perovskite solar cells using phenyltrihydrosilane (PhSiH3) passivation. This passivation effectively reduces Sn4+ and creates a hydrophobic surface, enhancing the solar cells' efficiency from 3.65% to 5.50%. The process involves passivating the film surface with PhSiH3 solution, which decreases Sn4+ concentration on the perovskite film surface and makes the surface hydrophobic, resulting in better contacts with the C60 layer. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of PhSiH3 treatment in enhancing solar cell performance.
How Paios was used
Paios was utilized specifically for impedance measurement and analysis. This all-in-one characterization tool helped the researchers in assessing the electrical properties of the perovskite solar cells, which is crucial for understanding and enhancing their performance.
hunyan Lu, Xiaodong Li, Haobo Yuan, Wenxiao Zhang, Xuemin Guo, Acan Liu, Hui Yang, Wen Li, Zhengbo Cui, YuYang Hu, Junfeng Fang,
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 480, 2024, 147267, ISSN 1385-8947,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.147267
The paper introduces a back-surface field in inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells using 4-Imidazoleethylamine (4-IEA) treatment to improve efficiency and stability. The treatment upshifts the Fermi level at the CsPbI3 surface, creating an extra back-surface field that aligns with the built-in potential of the solar cells. This alignment reduces energy loss and facilitates electron extraction at the CsPbI3/electron transporting layer interface. Additionally, 4-IEA passivates interfacial defects due to its Lewis base-acid interaction with CsPbI3. The result is a power conversion efficiency of 20.22% and good operational stability, retaining over 70% efficiency after 200 hours at 65℃.
How Paios was used
Paios was employed for transient photocurrent decay (TPC) and transient photovoltage (TPV) decay measurements. These measurements were crucial in understanding the dynamic charge transport process in the solar cells. The TPC and TPV results demonstrated a significant reduction in non-radiative recombination and improved charge transport efficiency in the cells treated with 4-IEA, contributing to the overall improved performance of the solar cells.
Munkhtuul Gantumur et al 2024 Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 63 015501
The study in "Japanese Journal of Applied Physics" by Munkhtuul Gantumur et al. explores the use of vacuum-deposited PbI2 to enhance the quality of perovskite films in solar cells. This method significantly improves the film's quality compared to spin-coated PbI2, leading to higher power conversion efficiency and better thermal stability in perovskite solar cells. Vacuum-deposited PbI2 results in uniform, pinhole-free films, facilitating efficient intercalation of MAI and the formation of high-quality MAPbI3 perovskite layers. This method also reduces ion migration, contributing to the improved performance and stability of the solar cells.
How Paios was used
Paios was used for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to examine the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This technique provided insights into the electrical properties of the cells, such as resistance and capacitance, which are crucial for understanding and improving their performance.
Md. Abdul Karim, Kiyoto Matsuishi, Md. Emrul Kayesh, Yulu He, and Ashraful Islam
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023 15 (39), 45823-45833
This paper discusses the improvement of FASnI3 perovskite solar cells' reproducibility and stability by incorporating 4F-PHCl, a reductive molecule, in the perovskite precursor solution. 4F-PHCl enhances the solution's stability, prevents Sn2+ oxidation, and improves the films' crystallinity and stoichiometry, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 10.86%.
How Paios was used
PAIOS was used to measure transient photovoltage and photocurrent decays, shedding light on charge carrier dynamics and demonstrating improved charge transport and reduced recombination in 4F-PHCl-treated devices.
Xin Zhang, Stijn Eurelings, Andrea Bracesco, Wenya Song, Stijn Lenaers, Wouter Van Gompel, Anurag Krishna, Tom Aernouts, Laurence Lutsen, Dirk Vanderzande, Mariadriana Creatore, Yiqiang Zhan, Yinghuan Kuang, and Jef Poortmans
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2023 15 (40), 46803-46811
This paper investigates enhancing perovskite solar cells' efficiency and stability using bi-TPAI surface modulation. It significantly improves power conversion efficiency and operational stability by passivating surface defects and facilitating charge extraction.
How Paios was used
Paios was employed for transient photocurrent and photovoltage measurements, revealing optimized charge dynamics and reduced recombination, which contribute to the observed performance improvements.
Zhaoheng Ling, Mohamad Insan Nugraha, Wisnu Tantyo Hadmojo, Yuanbao Lin, Sang Young Jeong, Emre Yengel, Hendrik Faber, Hua Tang, Frédéric Laquai, Abdul-Hamid Emwas, Xiaoming Chang, Temur Maksudov, Murali Gedda, Han Young Woo, Iain McCulloch, Martin Heeney, Leonidas Tsetseris, and Thomas D. Anthopoulos
ACS Energy Letters 2023 8 (10), 4104-4112
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01254
This study explores the use of ethyl viologen (EV) and methyl viologen (MV) as n-type dopants in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Incorporating these dopants into a ternary blend significantly improves OPV performance, with PCEs up to 19.03%. EV and MV enhance microstructure and absorption, balance carrier mobility, and reduce recombination, offering a promising route for advanced OPV efficiency.
How Paios Was used
In the study, Paios from Fluxim was employed for various measurements in both steady-state and transient modes. Specifically, it was used for Transient Photo-Voltage (TPV) measurements to observe photovoltage decay under small optical perturbations and various light-intensity biases. This helped in analyzing bimolecular charge carrier recombination. Additionally, Photo-CELIV measurements and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted using PAIOS, the latter under an open circuit voltage in the dark across a frequency range of 3 MHz to 300 Hz
H. Bi, J. Liu, Z. Zhang, L. Wang, G. Kapil, Y. Wei, A. Kumar Baranwal, S. Razey Sahamir, Y. Sanehira, D. Wang, Y. Yang, T. Kitamura, R. Beresneviciute, S. Grigalevicius, Q. Shen, S. Hayase, Adv. Sci. 2023, 10, 2304790. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202304790
This paper investigates enhancing the efficiency and stability of MA-free perovskite solar cells using a ferrocene derivative (DBzFe) additive. The additive improves film quality, passivates defects, and inhibits ion migration, achieving a high power conversion efficiency of 23.53%.
How Paios was used
Paios was utilized for Mott-Schottky analysis and temperature-dependent c-f curves, providing insights into charge carrier dynamics, energy barriers for ion migration, and the benefits of DBzFe in improving device performance and stability.
Sasiphapa Rodbuntum, Nuttaya Sukgorn, Narong Chanlek, Hideki Nakajima, Nopporn Rujisamphan, Pipat Ruankham, Duangmanee Wongratanaphisan, Anusit Kaewprajak, and Pisist Kumnorkaew
ACS Applied Energy Materials 2023 6 (20), 10364-10375
The paper addresses enhancing perovskite solar cells' performance and stability using a dual interfacial tin-oxide layer with chloride salt. It achieved a high power conversion efficiency and remarkable operational stability over 2400 hours.
How Paios was used
Paios was utilized for electrical and optical characterization, particularly for electrical impedance spectroscopy and intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy measurements, providing insights into charge transport and recombination dynamics at the device interfaces.
S. Alam, H. Aldosari, C. E. Petoukhoff, T. Váry, W. Althobaiti, M. Alqurashi, H. Tang, J. I. Khan, V. Nádaždy, P. Müller-Buschbaum, G. C. Welch, F. Laquai
Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 2308076. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202308076
This paper investigates the impact of thermal annealing on PM6:Y6-based organic solar cells, focusing on performance degradation due to structural and morphological changes at elevated temperatures. It finds that VOC and FF significantly decrease with annealing above 140°C due to altered charge transport and extraction.
How Setfos was used
Using SETFOS software, the study simulates device performance, correlating optical-electrical properties with device parameters to understand the degradation mechanisms and guide future improvements.
How Paios was used
Paios was used to measure transient photocurrent, photo-voltage, and charge extraction properties, providing insights into charge generation, recombination, and extraction mechanisms, helping to understand the performance drop at elevated annealing temperatures.
Bandgap Tunable Perovskite for Si-Based Triple Junction Tandem Solar Cell: Numerical Analysis-Aided Experimental Investigation
Jia-Ci Jhou, Ashish Gaurav, Hsin-Ting Lin, and Ching-Fuh Lin
ACS Applied Energy Materials 2023 6 (18), 9434-9445
Researchers developed a new technique to fabricate perovskite absorbing layers for multijunction solar cells, achieving a record power conversion efficiency of 26.4%. This technique involves a double-sided sandwich evaporation process that allows for precise control over the halide ratio and B-site doping of the perovskite absorber layers. The resulting triple-junction tandem solar cell exhibits significantly higher efficiency than previous designs.
How Setfos was used.
theoretical insight for the optimal perovskite thickness was gained using Setfos by taking into account the reflection of the bottom cell, so the thickness of the top layers could be reduced.
Warby, J., Shah, S., Thiesbrummel, J., Gutierrez-Partida, E., Lai, H., Alebachew, B., Grischek, M., Yang, F., Lang, F., Albrecht, S., Fu, F., Neher, D., Stolterfoht, M.,
Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 2303135.
https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202303135
This research addresses the discrepancy between open-circuit voltages (VOC) and internal voltages in perovskite solar cells, often attributed to non-radiative recombination losses. The study extends classical theories from silicon solar cells to explain the mismatch through partial resistances/conductivities of carrier types. It also reveals how mobile ions in perovskite cells contribute to this mismatch, explaining phenomena like light soaking and aging-induced VOC losses. These insights offer new perspectives on degradation issues and guide principles for optimizing VOC to enhance perovskite solar cell performance.
How Setfos was used
Band diagram simulation of perovskite cells with ions
Rohit D. Chavan, Bartłomiej Bończak, Joanna Kruszyńska, Apurba Mahapatra, Muhammad Ans, Jan Nawrocki, Kostiantyn Nikiforow, Pankaj Yadav, Jan Paczesny, Faranak Sadegh, Muhittin Unal, Seckin Akin, and Daniel Prochowicz
Chemistry of Materials 2023 35 (19), 8309-8320
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01995
This study introduces a novel azahomofullerene (AHF-4) as an interlayer in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), enhancing charge transfer and film quality while reducing recombination. AHF-4 outperforms the standard fullerene derivative PCBM, achieving higher efficiency (21.43%) and better stability under light and heat, promising advancements in PSC performance and durability.
How Litos Lite and Litos were used
The photovoltaic performance was evaluated using a Fluxim Litos Lite setup, equipped with a Wavelabs Sinus LS2 solar simulator with AM 1.5 spectrum for excitation.
Aging tests were also performed using a Fluxim Litos setup, and 1 Sun equivalent illumination with no UV component, holding the substrates at 45 ± 5 °C in a N2 atmosphere and using an MPP tracking algorithm.
